review · International Journal of Nanomedicine
Zinc oxide nanoparticles have gained substantial interest across biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile, construction, and automotive industries due to their functional versatility. In medicine, these metal oxide particles serve varied functions including antimicrobial activity, cancer therapies, biosensing, cell imaging, and drug or gene delivery. Their biological effectiveness relies heavily on their capacity to generate reactive oxygen species and trigger cellular apoptosis, driving potent antibacterial and anticancer responses. Although high demand has led to diverse production routes, conventional manufacturing techniques carry notable environmental and economic burdens. Consequently, green synthesis strategies that employ microorganisms, plants, or plant extracts have emerged as sustainable alternatives. These biological synthesis routes offer environmentally benign, cost-effective, and health-conscious options for producing zinc oxide nanoparticles, presenting practical advantages over traditional chemical and physical fabrication methods while maintaining their broad functional utility.
Nanomaterials are increasingly essential in medicine and consumer goods, but conventional chemical synthesis can generate harmful waste and high costs. Developing green synthesis methods that use plant extracts and microorganisms allows industries to produce effective therapeutic and antimicrobial agents in an eco-friendly, cost-effective manner.
The work highlights green manufacturing techniques for zinc oxide nanoparticles applicable to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, and antimicrobial coatings. Industrial manufacturers and biomedical developers are the primary beneficiaries of these sustainable production approaches. As a review of current advancements and biological mechanisms, the underlying work represents early-stage to applied synthesis research rather than an immediate commercial product.
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Over the last decade, biomedical nanomaterials have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable biological properties and diverse applications in biomedicine. Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are particularly notable for their wide range of medicinal uses, including antibacterial, anticancer, biosensing, cell imaging, and drug/gene delivery. Among these, zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs stand out for their versatility and effectiveness. Recently, ZnO NPs have become a primary material in various sectors, such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, antimicrobials, construction, textile, and automotive industries. ZnO NPs can generate reactive oxygen species and induce cellular apoptosis, thus underpinning their potent anticancer and antibacterial properties. To meet the growing demand, numerous synthetic approaches have been developed to produce ZnO NPs. However, traditional manufacturing processes often involve significant economic and environmental costs, prompting a search for more sustainable alternatives. Intriguingly, biological synthesis methods utilizing plants, plant extracts, or microorganisms have emerged as ideal for producing ZnO NPs. These green production techniques offer numerous medicinal, economic, environmental, and health benefits. This review highlights the latest advancements in the green synthesis of ZnO NPs and their biomedical applications, showcasing their potential to revolutionize the field with eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions.
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DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s487188
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