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Activated carbon was prepared from Ziziphus spina-christi seeds via chemical activation to treat methylene blue dye in aqueous solutions. Material analyses confirmed the production of a porous carbonaceous adsorbent with surface properties well suited for dye uptake. In batch adsorption experiments, operational factors including pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, dye concentration, agitation, and temperature significantly affected uptake. The adsorbent achieved a peak removal efficiency of 98.7 percent under optimal conditions, which included an equilibrium contact time of 20 minutes. The uptake process conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 81.3 milligrams per gram, following pseudo-second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic analysis demonstrated that the dye removal was spontaneous and exothermic. Crucially, the adsorbent maintained 93.9 percent of its removal capacity after four regeneration cycles.
Industrial dye discharges into aquatic ecosystems create severe pollution and threaten clean water availability. Producing functional activated carbon from natural Ziziphus spina-christi seeds offers an eco-friendly, bio-based strategy for water decontamination. Because the material retains high dye-removal efficiency across repeated regeneration cycles, it provides a renewable and potentially cost-effective alternative to conventional adsorbents for removing synthetic pollutants from wastewater.
This research targets industrial wastewater remediation, which is relevant to operators in textile manufacturing, chemical processing, and municipal wastewater treatment. The adsorbent displays strong commercial potential due to rapid uptake times and high reusability over four regeneration cycles. Nevertheless, the findings represent early-stage laboratory research, as performance has only been tested on simulated single-dye solutions rather than complex, real-world industrial effluent streams.
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The discharge of dye-containing wastewater into aquatic environments poses serious environmental concerns, creating a need for efficient and sustainable treatment methods. In this study, activated carbon prepared from Ziziphus spina-christi seeds (ZSAC) was synthesized through chemical activation and evaluated for methylene blue (MB) adsorption from aqueous solutions. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed the formation of a porous carbonaceous adsorbent with suitable surface characteristics for dye removal. Batch adsorption experiments showed that MB removal was influenced by solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration, agitation speed, and temperature. Maximum removal efficiency (98.7%) was achieved at pH 8, 15 mg adsorbent dosage, 20 min contact time, 140 rpm agitation speed, and 25 °C. Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.998), indicating monolayer adsorption with a maximum adsorption capacity of 81.3 mg g⁻¹ . Kinetic studies revealed that adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.998). Thermodynamic parameters confirmed that the adsorption process was spontaneous (ΔG° < 0) and exothermic (ΔH° = −43.52 kJ mol⁻¹). Furthermore, ZSAC retained 93.9% of its adsorption efficiency after four regeneration cycles, demonstrating its potential as a low-cost and sustainable adsorbent for wastewater treatment.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103319
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