Water quality challenges in rural Ethiopia: insights from the North Mecha district on physiochemical and microbial contamination

Abstract

ABSTRACT This investigation's overarching goal is to ensure that drinking water quality remains a key public health issue in rural Ethiopia. The study aimed to evaluate the physiochemical and microbial quality of drinking water sources and household storages in rural Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 24 kebeles of the district during the wet season. Escherichia coli presence was analyzed in water samples collected from selected community water points and household storages using membrane filtration, while physiochemical parameters were analyzed following standard water examination protocols. Findings revealed that turbidity (35.7%), pH (78.6%), iron (20%), and free residual chlorine (89.3%) levels in the water samples did not conform with the standard. E. coli contamination detected in 42.9% (n = 56) and 47.9% (n = 96) of samples collected at sources and household storage, respectively. This study revealed that significant water quality contamination was observed at both sources and household storages; hence, public health is at high risk. Additionally, the study emphasizes that improved water sources do not always guarantee safety and highlights the need for comprehensive protective measures. Therefore, proper source protection and treatment and appropriate treatment at the household level should be implemented to provide safe drinking water.