Water-Constrained Green Hydrogen Trade: Integrating Export Strategy, Ammonia Logistics and Geological Storage in Morocco’s Energy Transition

Abstract

The development of green hydrogen as a pillar of the global energy transition raises major issues related to international trade and the availability of natural resources, particularly water. This study aims to analyze the position of the main exporters and importers of green hydrogen, while assessing the impact of water stress on export strategies, using Morocco as a case study. The objective is also to propose a sustainable approach that reconciles energy transition, water security, and economic development. The results highlight Morocco’s potential to become a key player in the green hydrogen sector, subject to sustainable water resource management and the development of existing fertilizer industry infrastructure, particularly in Jorf Lasfar, in connection with green ammonia production. A comparative analysis of storage options shows that green ammonia is the most suitable solution for storage and maritime transport, while liquid hydrogen appears to be more relevant for long distances. Finally, the study identifies geological storage as a promising strategic option for long-term storage and strengthening national energy security.