review · Frontiers in Plant Science
Environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, toxic metals, and temperature fluctuations increasingly threaten crop productivity worldwide. Maintaining crop yields requires strengthening mechanisms that limit the negative effects of these extreme conditions. Polyamines are essential compounds in defensive plant responses, and their accumulation is a key metabolic reaction during stress. Exogenous application of polyamines has been shown to enhance plant tolerance to drought, salinity, and temperature extremes by influencing developmental, physiological, and metabolic processes. While the specific molecular interactions and signalling pathways remain partially speculative, existing research indicates that supplying polyamines externally can help protect plants during adverse climatic conditions. Overall, accumulating evidence confirms the vital defensive role polyamines play in mitigating environmental stresses, presenting important insights into plant resilience under challenging climate scenarios.
Climatic fluctuations and soil degradation threaten global food production by subjecting crops to severe stress. Understanding how compounds like polyamines protect plants enables strategies to shield crops from erratic weather, drought, and high salinity. By identifying ways to enhance natural plant defence mechanisms, this line of research helps support agricultural productivity and food security amid accelerating environmental changes.
The exogenous application of polyamines could serve as a crop treatment or biostimulant formulation used by agricultural producers to protect crops against salinity, drought, and temperature extremes. Because the underlying research synthesises metabolic and physiological evidence while noting that molecular interactions remain speculative, the approach represents early-stage to intermediate research requiring field-level testing, formulation development, and targeted trials before practical commercial deployment.
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In recent years, extreme environmental cues such as abiotic stresses, including frequent droughts with irregular precipitation, salinity, metal contamination, and temperature fluctuations, have been escalating the damage to plants' optimal productivity worldwide. Therefore, yield maintenance under extreme events needs improvement in multiple mechanisms that can minimize the influence of abiotic stresses. Polyamines (PAs) are pivotally necessary for a defensive purpose under adverse abiotic conditions, but their molecular interplay in this remains speculative. The PAs' accretion is one of the most notable metabolic responses of plants under stress challenges. Recent studies reported the beneficial roles of PAs in plant development, including metabolic and physiological processes, unveiling their potential for inducing tolerance against adverse conditions. This review presents an overview of research about the most illustrious and remarkable achievements in strengthening plant tolerance to drought, salt, and temperature stresses by the exogenous application of PAs. The knowledge of underlying processes associated with stress tolerance and PA signaling pathways was also summarized, focusing on up-to-date evidence regarding the metabolic and physiological role of PAs with exogenous applications that protect plants under unfavorable climatic conditions. Conclusively, the literature proposes that PAs impart an imperative role in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. This implies potentially important feedback on PAs and plants' stress tolerance under unfavorable cues.
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DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1003155
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