Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases with Special Reference to History and Current Status of LSD in Egypt: A One Health Approach

Abstract

Infectious diseases known as "vector-borne diseases" (VBDs) are re-emerging andre-emerging, inflicting considerable economic losses due to high mortality rates,decreased productivity in the livestock sector, and effects on both human andanimal health. Furthermore, VBDs make for roughly 25% of important vertebratepathogens for veterinarians. Viruses, bacteria, and parasites cause vector-borneillnesses, which are spread through the bite of hematophagous arthropods(mostly ticks and mosquitoes). Given that most of these diseases are zoonotic,managing them requires a multidisciplinary approach. Insects that feed ondisease-causing microorganisms from an infected host (human or animal) andthen inject them into their next victim during their next blood meal includemosquitoes, sandflies, ticks, bugs, flies, fleas, lice, and some freshwater aquaticsnails. Arthropod populations, such as flea, tick, mosquito, sandfly, and Culicoidespopulations, are susceptible to quick changes in temperature and humidity. Boththe abundance and distribution of vectors can be impacted by climatic changesthat go beyond simple increases in mean temperature. The current review throwslights into VBDs and their vectors in Egypt.