Utilization of Agro-Waste Materials as Viable Strengthening Agents in Carburisation: Review

Abstract

Wastes are unwanted by-products of a production process. Waste materials can be recycled and cannot be recycled that are left over after producing or developing significant products manufactured by humans. The rapid industrial revolution and urbanization have brought about a rise in the human population, which led to a massive volume of waste generation. It’s interesting to note that practically all agricultural activities produce huge waste, in many nations. Agriculture generates a lot of waste that is typically unused and poses a danger to food security and global health. However, treating these wastes could cause significant financial loss and pose a substantial risk to human health through environmental pollution. Organic wastes can be converted into gaseous, liquid, or solid products through chemical, mechanical, or biological processes which can further be used in industries including chemical, agricultural, food processing, and pharmaceuticals for the development of novel goods for mankind. The drive to undertake this study was inspired by the necessity of turning waste into wealth. This overview describes several agricultural waste products and the various industrial uses for them, including coconut and palm kernel shells, sawdust, charcoal, animal bones, and eggshells. This article also covered the state of agro-residue development based on several value-added uses (carburise low-content steel materials, remove heavy metal and dye, etc.), lowering production and characterisation costs. This article also discusses potential future developments of more effective and efficient bioconversion technology for transforming agricultural waste into high-value products.