Unveiling the rising Burden of Cardiovascular Disease among People Living with HIV/AIDS in a Sub-Saharan Country of Ghana

Abstract

<title>Abstract</title> Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is emerging as a significant concern among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), due to both traditional and HIV-specific risk factors. However, there is inadequate research in Ghana to inform practice and policy decisions. This hospital-based cross-sectional study assessed CVD prevalence, risk factors, and mechanisms among 386 PLWHA in Ghana’s Ahafo Region using interviews, clinical assessments, and biomarkers. We found a 16.6% CVD prevalence, with hypertension being the most common condition and there were significant associations between dietary habits, physical activity, and CVD risk (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). Patients who consumed more than three meals at home per day had significantly higher odds of developing CVD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 315.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.03–6200.62, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity for 24–48 minutes was associated with lower odds of CVD (AOR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01–0.82, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). This study contributes to understanding the multifaceted relationship between HIV, traditional CVD risk factors, and emerging pathways such as physical inactivity and diet. While Body Mass Index and blood glucose levels did not significantly correlate with CVD, higher High-density lipoprotein levels and lower triglyceride levels were protective against CVD (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). Our findings underscore the need for integrated HIV and CVD care, particularly in addressing modifiable lifestyle factors. Future research should explore longitudinal outcomes and expand to other regions to provide a broader understanding of CVD risk among PLWHA in Ghana.