review · RSC Advances
Graphitic carbon nitride materials have gained attention as photocatalysts owing to their favourable band structure, high stability, and environmental friendliness. Pristine graphitic carbon nitride can be modified through diverse strategies to boost its catalytic performance. These approaches include heterojunction formation, metallic and non-metallic doping, co-catalyst loading, morphology adjustment, metal deposition, and nitrogen-defect engineering. Modified forms of these catalysts display notable effectiveness in degrading pollutants and generating clean hydrogen energy. In addition to synthesis and characterisation techniques, operating parameters strongly influence catalytic activity and reaction pathways. By examining current reaction mechanisms, technical challenges, and knowledge gaps, this work consolidates understanding around catalyst design, offering clear directions for developing graphitic carbon nitride systems across clean energy generation and environmental remediation programmes.
Harnessing sunlight to neutralise toxic pollutants and produce green hydrogen is a cornerstone of sustainable industry. Graphitic carbon nitride provides a safe, stable material platform for driving these solar-powered chemical reactions. Mapping out the most effective material modification methods allows researchers to overcome performance limitations, advancing efforts toward zero-emission energy production and effective environmental clean-up.
Potential applications centre on industrial wastewater treatment and clean hydrogen production for energy and environmental service providers. Based on the abstract, the technology is at an early-stage research level, focused on resolving fundamental reaction mechanisms, synthesis techniques, and performance limitations. Practical commercialisation will require resolving these identified research gaps and validating the catalysts under operational industrial conditions.
AI-generated from the published abstract. Always read the original work before citing.
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>)-based materials have emerged as promising photocatalysts due to their unique band structure, excellent stability, and environmental friendliness. This review provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the current state of research on g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-based photocatalysts. The review summarizes several strategies to improve the photocatalytic performance of pristine g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, <i>e.g.</i>, by creating heterojunctions, doping with non-metallic and metallic materials, co-catalyst loading, tuning catalyst morphology, metal deposition, and nitrogen-defect engineering. The review also highlights the various characterization techniques employed to elucidate the structural and physicochemical features of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-based catalysts, as well as their applications of in photocatalytic degradation and hydrogen production, emphasizing their remarkable performance in pollutants' removal and clean energy generation. Furthermore, this review article investigates the effect of operational parameters on the catalytic activity and efficiency of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-based catalysts, shedding light on the key factors that influence their performance. The review also provides insights into the photocatalytic pathways and reaction mechanisms involving g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> based photocatalysts. The review also identifies the research gaps and challenges in the field and presents prospects for the development and utilization of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-based photocatalysts. Overall, this comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the synthesis, characterization, applications, and prospects of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-based photocatalysts, offering guidance for future research and technological advancements in this rapidly growing field.
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DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04234d
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