Unlocking the potential of Bambara nut <i>(Vigna subterranea):</i> institutional barriers and opportunities for sustainable production in Kasungu District, Malawi

Abstract

Bambara nut (Vigna subterranea) plays a critical role in food security, soil health, and resilience in low-input farming systems across Malawi. Despite its adaptive potential, its production remains marginal due to weak institutional support. This study assessed the institutional barriers and opportunities influencing Bambara nut production in Kasungu District. Using a mixed-methods approach comprising 56 farmer surveys, four focus group discussions, and four key informant interviews, the research analyzed institutional dynamics – extension services, credit access, seed systems, and market linkages – using multiple linear regression and thematic analysis. Results reveal that institutional barriers such as inadequate extension coverage (78.6%), poor access to quality seed (64.3%), and lack of organized markets (71.4%) significantly constrain production. Conversely, opportunities include local research initiatives, the establishment of seed multiplication groups, and integration of Bambara nuts into agricultural diversification strategies under Malawi Vision 2063. Regression analysis shows institutional support positively influences yields (coefficient = 0.267, p = 0.003). The study concludes that strengthening institutional mechanisms – through policy integration, extension reform, and targeted market development – can unlock Bambara nut’s potential for sustainable agriculture.