TRIM59 (Tripartite Motif-Containing 59) Expression in Pan-Cancer and Its Diagnostic and Prognostic Implications in Breast Cancer, Esophageal Cancer, Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and Stomach Adenocarcinoma

Abstract

Background Cancers remain a significant global health challenge; identification of cutting-edge diagnostic and prognostic markers plus innovative therapeutic targets is crucial. Tripartite motif molecule 59 (TRIM59) is a potential oncogene. However, its specific role in cancers is lacking. We aimed to investigate the expression of TRIM59 in pan-cancer as well as its implications for tumorigenesis, clinicopathological factors, and immune cell infiltration. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the protein-protein interaction and evaluate its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in pan-cancer using bioinformatic analysis. Methods We analyzed TRIM59 across different cancer types using public datasets and bioinformatics tools. To study gene expression patterns, we used gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA), University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer Data Analysis Portal (UALCAN), tumor immune estimation resource (TIMER), and University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Xena, and validated our findings using additional datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. We assessed diagnostic performance with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. We also used Kaplan-Meier plotter (K-M plotter), GEPIA, UALCAN, and TIMER to explore how TRIM59 expression relates to patient prognosis and immune cell infiltration. Genetic changes were examined with cBioPortal, while the search tool for recurring instances of neighboring genes (STRING) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis helped us study protein-protein interaction networks and pathway enrichment. For statistical analysis, we used the Limma (Linear Models for Microarray Analysis) program and standard tests. Results TRIM59 was significantly upregulated in 22 cancers, with the highest level of expression in breast cancer (BRCA), esophageal cancer (ESCA), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). High TRIM59 expression is significantly associated with a worse prognosis in kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and it was also associated with various clinicopathological factors in BRCA, ESCA, LUSC, STAD, and immune markers across all these cancers. High TRIM59 expression is associated with infiltration of different immune cells in BRCA, ESCA, LUSC, STAD, LIHC, KIRP, and LUAD. Also, TRIM59 is associated with various genetic alterations across different types of tumors, and it interacts with several proteins. Conclusion In this study, we found that TRIM59 contributes to the carcinogenesis and increased malignant behavior of BRCA, ESCA, STAD, LUSC, LUAD, and KIRP. We also found that TRIM59 is a potential diagnostic biomarker for BRCA, ESCA, LUSC and STAD and a prognostic biomarker for KIRP, LIHC, and LUAD. Moreover, it correlates with immune infiltration and may be relevant to immunotherapy in these cancers. Furthermore, its correlation with tumor protein 53 (TP53), alpha/beta hydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5), and evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in toll pathway (ECSIT) may be used as a potential area of therapeutic intervention.