Toward Secure and High-Performance Blockchain Integration in the Internet of Vehicles: A Layered Architecture Based on Hyperledger Fabric

Abstract

Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) have become more and more widespread over the past few years, with a significant advance to transportation systems through intelligent decision-making and real-time connectivity. Operating within the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), AVs continuously exchange sensitive data with other vehicles, infrastructure, and cloud services. These vehicles come packed with advanced IoT technologies that enable them to sense their surroundings, interact with their environment, and even operate autonomously. This high level of autonomy and connectivity offers significant benefits like safer roads and more efficient traffic, nevertheless it also creates new opportunities for cyberattacks. As the technology improves, so do the tactics used by attackers, who are constantly developing smarter ways to exploit vulnerabilities in connected systems or execute harmful actions that may compromise safety and public trust. Centralized security solutions, which are becoming outdated, are insufficient specially in a dynamic and distributed environment particularly in terms of security and system performance. This survey paper proposes a multi-layered security architecture for blockchain-enabled AV networks, built upon Hyperledger Fabric. By combining fog computing and middleware with blockchain’s inherent strengths, our approach delivers strong authentication and data integrity, low-latency communication, scalable transparent transactions, and decentralized trust management while mitigating emerging cyber threats.