The socioeconomic impact of Lassa fever in Nigeria

Abstract

Lassa fever is an acute viral zoonotic illness endemic in parts of West Africa. In Nigeria, the disease causes periodic large outbreaks, putting strain on healthcare resources and infrastructure. This article reviews the burden and socioeconomic impact of Lassa fever in Nigeria. The vast majority of cases are mild or asymptomatic, however severe illness still occurs in 20% of patients. Late-stage pregnancy infection has high fatality rates. Diagnosis is challenging and early supportive care is critical for survival. The disease affects all age groups in endemic regions, especially impoverished rural communities. Outbreaks disrupt local economies and agriculture and require increased healthcare spending. Specific economic impacts include industry shutdowns, expenditure on protective equipment for healthcare workers, costs for specialized training programs and treatment facilities, high treatment costs for patients, deterrence of investors and businesses, job losses, and declines in tourism revenue. Social impacts include stigmatization of patients. Recommendations for control emphasize improvements to rural healthcare infrastructure, disease surveillance, affordable diagnostics and treatment access, community outreach and education programs, and fostering local economic growth and sustainability. A multidimensional approach engaging all levels of government and civil society is required to mitigate the burden of Lassa fever on Nigeria. This article covers the disease background, populations affected, economic and social impacts, and recommendations to address the substantial public health burden of Lassa fever outbreaks on Nigeria.