article · Economies
This research examines how political and academic empowerment influence the economic, social, and managerial empowerment of women in Saudi Arabia. Using perception-based data collected between October 2019 and January 2020 through a simple random sampling questionnaire, structural equation modelling was employed to assess direct and indirect relationships. The analysis indicates that political empowerment has a direct positive effect on women's economic and managerial empowerment, whilst its direct effect on social empowerment is insignificant. Additionally, political empowerment directly enhances academic empowerment, which subsequently drives positive economic, social, and managerial outcomes for women. Notably, these indirect pathways operating through academic empowerment were found to be substantially larger in magnitude than the direct effects of political empowerment alone. The findings support improving educational and political policies to advance female empowerment and foster sustainable development.
Understanding how different forms of empowerment interact helps decision-makers design more effective interventions. The findings demonstrate that investing in academic empowerment is especially crucial, as it serves as a powerful conduit through which political support translates into tangible economic, managerial, and social gains for women, ultimately contributing to broader national sustainable development goals.
The abstract does not indicate a commercialisation pathway or direct industry application, as it presents policy-oriented empirical research on governance and educational structures.
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Women may be considered to have hidden, unutilized potential for the economy and society, if not utilized at their full capacity, i.e., with effective educational, social and political policies. Allowing women to participate fully in an economy may contribute to the sustainable development of the country in question. The empowerment of women may be accelerated if women are educated for this purpose; as a result, the political authorities in Saudi Arabia have proposed a comprehensive framework to empower women. The empowerment of women is essential in the academic sector to develop educational policies for women’s capacity-building. The empowerment of women in the political process is also very important, so they can suggest appropriate policies, rules and laws that favor the empowerment of women in all sectors of the economy and society. The present research aims at testing the effects of academic and political empowerment on the economic, social and managerial empowerment of women, and opens a new horizon of debate in the practical and theoretical domain of female empowerment in Saudi Arabia. To this end, we utilized structural equation modeling due to the endogenous nature of relationships among the hypothesized variables. Perception-based data were collected on the political, academic, economic, social and managerial empowerment of women through a well-structured questionnaire. The data were collected during the period from October 2019 to January 2020 through a simple random sampling method. Then, we tested the direct effect of political empowerment, and its indirect effects through academic empowerment, on the economic, social and managerial empowerment of women. We found that political empowerment has a positive direct effect on economic and managerial empowerment, but an insignificant effect on social empowerment. Further, political empowerment has a positive direct effect on academic empowerment, which, in turn, has positive effects on economic, social and managerial female empowerment. Moreover, these indirect effects are found to be magnitudes larger than the direct effects of political empowerment. This study recommends improving the economic, social and political status of women through political and academic policies, to accelerate sustainable development.
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DOI: 10.3390/economies8020045
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