The Role of Physical Activity in Decreasing Risk of Dementia

Abstract

Background: Dementia is a progressive neurological disorder that impairs memory, thinking, and daily function, primarily affecting older adults. It represents an abnormal aging process and poses a growing public health concern, with an expected global prevalence reaching 135 million by 2050. Physical activity has been proposed as a modifiable lifestyle factor that may delay or reduce dementia risk by improving cardiovascular health, enhancing neuroplasticity, and increasing levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Aim of Study: Determine the relationship between physical activity and dementia in old age in Egypt. Objective: To study the relationship between physical activity and dementia in old age in Egypt and Evaluation of the impact of physical activity on dementia. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Mansoura and Cairo, Egypt, between May and December 2024. A total of 78 individuals aged 50 years or older were recruited using simple random sampling. Participants completed a structured questionnaire assessing demographics, physical activity levels, cognitive status, engagement in mental activities, sleep, smoking habits, and perceived barriers to exercise. Data were analyzed using SPSS 9.0, applying Chi-square tests and Fisher’s Exact Test where appropriate. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Participants were divided into study and control groups based on their physical activity engagement and cognitive function. A higher percentage of non-dementia individuals (60%) engaged in regular physical activity compared to dementia patients (43%). Significant associations were observed between dementia diagnosis and lower engagement in mentally stimulating activities (p = 0.003). Self-reported cognitive function was notably better in the physically active group. Major barriers to physical activity included lack of motivation, time, and awareness—especially in individuals with a family history of dementia. Conclusion: This study highlights a significant association between physical activity and improved cognitive function in older adults. Regular physical activity may serve as a protective factor against dementia. Addressing common barriers could enhance participation, offering a non-pharmacological strategy to mitigate dementia risk and promote healthy aging