The Role of Beekeeping for Environmental Conservation in Semi-Arid Areas of Tanzania: A Case Study of Sanjaranda and Kayui Villages in Itigi District, Singida Region

Abstract

Environmental degradation from unsustainable livelihoods is a global challenge. While beekeeping offers economic potential and vital pollination services, its direct contribution to conservation in semi-arid regions remains underexplored. This mixed-method study in Itigi District, Tanzania, analyzed beekeeping practices using 72 household interviews, 2 focus group discussions (9 participants each), 9 key informant interviews, and field surveys. Findings reveal that beekeepers are primarily motivated by income (p = .001), making conservation an unintended byproduct. Results show that modern hives significantly outproduce traditional methods (18 liters vs. 8 liters; p < .001), yet adoption is limited by training and access to credit (R2 = 0.642). Despite apiaries providing “nature-led protection” and a marginal increase in plant species diversity (6.064 vs. 6.007 in non-apiary areas), traditional practices remain dominant. In Kayui, 78.1% of beekeepers utilize log hives, which involve destructive tree felling and pose significant environmental risks. Furthermore, firebrand harvesting methods increase wildfire threats. This study confirms that while apiculture has economic potential, its conservation impact is currently hindered by the lack of a deliberate strategy and modern technology. Transforming beekeeping into a robust tool requires a fundamental shift, supported by targeted policy interventions, technology subsidization, and formalizing beekeepers as custodians to protect semi-arid woodland integrity and ensure sustainability.