review · Heliyon
Endothelial cells line the interior of blood vessels and act as a selective barrier between blood and organ tissues. Under healthy conditions, these cells remain quiescent while regulating blood fluidity, cell migration, adhesion, and vessel constriction. Activation of endothelial cells during infection or disease plays a central role in the development of cardiovascular, neurological, cancerous, diabetic, and viral conditions. Because of this, restoring endothelial integrity and function is an important therapeutic target. Dietary citrus flavonoids, particularly naringenin and naringin found in oranges, grapefruit, and tomatoes, show protective benefits for the vascular endothelium. These bioactive compounds provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that support cell survival. By modulating biomarkers of vascular dysfunction, they help counter oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and abnormal blood vessel growth, presenting promising pathways for developing interventions against human vascular disorders.
The inner lining of blood vessels is vital for healthy circulation, and its breakdown contributes to widespread disorders including heart disease and diabetes. Understanding how natural compounds from everyday citrus fruits protect these blood vessel cells against oxidative damage and inflammation can support the development of novel dietary strategies or therapies to prevent and manage chronic vascular illnesses.
This work indicates potential applications in pharmaceutical therapies and nutraceutical products aimed at vascular health. The primary prospective users would be drug developers, clinical researchers, and functional food manufacturers investigating plant-derived compounds for cardiovascular and related disorders. As this research synthesises known mechanisms and highlights the need for further efficacy testing, it remains at an early, pre-clinical stage of development.
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The endothelial cells (ECs) make up the inner lining of blood vessels, acting as a barrier separating the blood and the tissues in several organs. ECs maintain endothelium integrity by controlling the constriction and relaxation of the vasculature, blood fluidity, adhesion, and migration. These actions of ECs are efficiently coordinated via an intricate signaling network connecting receptors, and a wide range of cellular macromolecules. ECs are naturally quiescent i.e.; they are not stimulated and do not proliferate. Upon infection or disease, ECs become activated, and this alteration is pivotal in the pathogenesis of a spectrum of human neurological, cardiovascular, diabetic, cancerous, and viral diseases. Considering the central position that ECs play in disease pathogenesis, therapeutic options have been targeted at improving ECs integrity, assembly, functioning, and health. The dietary intake of flavonoids present in citrus fruits has been associated with a reduced risk of endothelium dysfunction. Naringenin (NGN) and Naringin (NAR), major flavonoids in grapefruit, tomatoes, and oranges possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties, and cell survival potentials, which improve the health of the vascular endothelium. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary and present the advances in understanding of the mechanisms through which NGN and NAR modulate the biomarkers of vascular dysfunction and protect the endothelium against unresolved inflammation, oxidative stress, atherosclerosis, and angiogenesis. We also provide perspectives and suggest further studies that will help assess the efficacy of citrus flavonoids in the therapeutics of human vascular diseases.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17166
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