The power of Ficus petiolaris: A deep dive into its phytochemistry, therapeutic benefits, and industrial applications

Abstract

• 91 metabolites identified in Ficus specie s, including major bioactive classes. • Shows antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. • Green extraction approaches support efficient recovery of key metabolites. • Supports applications in wastewater treatment, energy materials and protective coatings. • More studies needed on mechanisms, safety, quality control, and traditional uses. Traditional medical systems have long utilized various parts of Ficus petiolaris , including leaves, stem bark, aerial roots, fruits, buds, and latex, to prepare remedies for a wide range of ailments. Native primarily to Mexico, this species has been used in traditional medicine for managing intestinal parasites, rheumatism, fever, chest pain, fractures, herpes infections, wound healing, and female reproductive challenges. Ethnomedicinal applications have also been documented across Africa, particularly in Nigeria, Cameroon, the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Sierra Leone. Despite its extensive traditional use, the extracts remain largely uncharacterized, with only certain chemical classes, such as phenolic compounds, terpenoids and phytosterols, furanocoumarins and xanthotoxin, identified. Recent phytochemical studies show that 91 distinct secondary metabolites have been identified from the Ficus species covered in this review, with phenolic compounds being the most dominant group. This review consolidates existing knowledge on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and preclinical ( in vitro and in vivo ) activities of F. petiolaris , highlighting its therapeutic potential in antioxidant, antibacterial, and other health-promoting activities. Secondary metabolites, including tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids, also offer opportunities for value-added industrial applications. Importantly, the species lacks rigorously controlled clinical trials, underscoring the need for future research to validate safety and efficacy and to support the discovery of novel medicinal agents. This review emphasizes the significance of F. petiolaris as a promising medicinal plant and advocates for comprehensive scientific investigation to realize its therapeutic potential fully.