The Neuroprotective Potential of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) Seed Extract Against BPA-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental toxin, disrupts neural development and function in the cerebral cortex by inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. This study investigated the neuroprotective potential of Anacardium occidentale (cashew) seed extract against Bisphenol A (BPA)-induced neurotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Thirty six rats were separated into six groups: control (A), BPA-treated (B, 50 mg/kg), cashew-only (C, 600 mg/kg), and BPA-treated groups with extract (D, 150 mg/kg), extract (E, 300 mg/kg), or extract(F, 600 mg/kg) treatment. Body weight, neurobehavioral indices (as assessed by the open-field test), and histological analysis of the cerebral cortex were evaluated over a 28-day period. Group B (BPA exposure) significantly reduced weight gain (194.00  ± 11.77 g vs. control: 183.50  ± 16.26 g, p*<0.0001), suppressed exploratory activity (line crossing: 26.00 ± 10.61s vs. 40.00  ± 24.04s), and increased anxiety-like behavior (2.12 ± 1.41s vs. 1.36 ± 1.43s). Extensive neuronal degeneration, vacuolation, and inflammation were observed histologically in Group B. Anacardium occidentale extract, particularly at 600 mg/kg, reversed these changes: Group F (600 mg/kg) resumed exploratory activity (26.00 ± 9.31s line crossing) and reduced freezing (1.00 ± 1.27s), near to control. Histological changes included moderate neuroregeneration and reduced inflammation, with high-dose cashew (F) showing nearly normal neuronal architecture. Lower doses (150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg) improved weight gain but were less effective in behavioral effects. The findings indicate that Anacardium occidentale seed extract, particularly at higher doses, reverses cerebral toxicity induced by BPA, suggesting its potential as a natural agent against environmental neurotoxicants.