The impact of air pollution on neurodegenerative diseases: a narrative review of current evidence

Abstract

Abstract This narrative review explores the relationship between air pollution and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Historically, air pollution has been linked primarily to respiratory and cardiovascular issues, but recent evidence suggests that it may also impact neurological health. With the global increase in neurodegenerative diseases, understanding environmental risk factors has become crucial. The review synthesizes findings from recent studies, highlighting the potential role of air pollutants—particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and heavy metals—in the onset and progression of NDs. Key mechanisms under investigation include brain inflammation and microglial activation, which are believed to contribute to neurodegenerative processes. Animal and human studies have shown correlations between air pollution exposure and increased risk of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders. Research indicates that air pollution may exacerbate neuroinflammation and cause white matter abnormalities, which disrupt neural communication and cognitive function. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that environmental factors like residential greenness and climate action could mitigate some of these adverse effects. Despite advancements, significant knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding the long-term impact of chronic exposure and the specific molecular pathways involved. This review shows the need for further research to clarify these mechanisms and develop targeted interventions. Addressing air pollution’s impact on neurodegenerative diseases requires comprehensive public health strategies, including stricter environmental regulations and increased awareness, alongside continued research into preventive and therapeutic measures.