article · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
An examination of economic growth and energy consumption in Egypt between 1965 and 2019 evaluated the energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis across several fuel types. In the long run, primary energy, oil, and coal consumption each demonstrated an N-shaped relationship with economic growth, displaying specific turning points in 1998, 2000, and between 1979 and 2005, respectively. These historical trends confirm that national economic growth drives increased non-renewable energy consumption and generates environmental consequences. In the short run, the energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve relationship is also confirmed across all examined sources. Primary energy, oil, and coal maintain an N-shaped dynamic, whereas natural gas displays an inverted U-shaped pattern. Hydroelectricity, as a renewable energy proxy, exhibits an inverted N-shaped relationship with economic growth.
Understanding how national economic development interacts with different fuel types provides clarity on fossil fuel reliance over time. By demonstrating how energy demand fluctuates alongside economic growth, these historical models show how industrial expansion continues to drive non-renewable fuel use, illustrating the complex trade-offs between pursuing economic growth and managing long-term environmental degradation.
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The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) association between income and pollution emissions proxies has been extensively tested in the environmental literature. However, testing of the energy-EKC is scanty. This present research examined the energy-EKC in the cubic relationship of economic growth and different renewable and nonrenewable energy proxies in Egypt from 1965-2019. In the long run, we corroborate the N-shaped relationships in the case of primary energy, oil, and coal consumption models, and confirm the long run energy-EKC association in these energy proxies. Moreover, we find turning points of the N-curve for these energy sources in 1998, 2000, and 1979-2005, in primary energy, oil, and coal consumption models, respectively. Hence, economic growth is responsible for increasing nonrenewable energy consumption and has environmental consequences in Egypt. In the short run, we find N-shaped relationships in the case of primary energy, oil, and coal consumption. Further, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship in the case of natural gas consumption. In addition, we corroborate an inverted N-shaped relationship in the case of hydroelectricity consumption, a renewable energy source. Hence, we confirm the short-run energy-EKC relationship in all investigated renewable and nonrenewable energy proxies.
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DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147334
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