review · Immunity & Ageing
Biological aging is driven by interrelated factors, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, genomic instability, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Naturally derived compounds show promise in addressing these drivers of cellular senescence and tissue decline. In particular, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, thymoquinone, and resveratrol demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and autophagy-enhancing properties. These phytochemicals influence critical molecular regulators such as sirtuins, AMPK, NF-κB, and mTOR, which are central to cellular health and longevity pathways. By acting on these core biological processes, the compounds offer potential in delaying age-associated pathologies and supporting healthier lifespans. Investigating the molecular mechanisms behind these actions underpins their prospective development as dietary geroprotective interventions to counter degenerative conditions.
Age-related conditions place a heavy burden on individuals and healthcare systems. Understanding how specific, accessible plant-derived compounds target the underlying molecular drivers of aging, such as inflammation and oxidative damage, offers a foundation for developing nutritional strategies that could help maintain health, mitigate tissue decline, and extend active lifespan.
The findings point towards potential applications in dietary supplements, functional foods, and geroprotective formulations aimed at delaying age-related pathologies. Such products would target health-conscious consumers and preventive wellness sectors. However, as the focus is on underlying molecular mechanisms and pathways, this research remains at an early stage, with clinical translation, bio-availability testing, and regulatory validation required before market deployment.
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Aging is a multifactorial biological process driven by oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, genomic instability, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent research underscores the potential of naturally derived compounds to modulate these aging hallmarks. Curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), thymoquinone, and resveratrol exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and autophagy-enhancing effects that target core pathways involved in cellular senescence and tissue degeneration. These phytochemicals regulate key molecular players such as sirtuins, AMPK, NF-κB, and mTOR, offering promise in delaying age-associated pathologies and promoting longevity. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying their anti-aging actions and highlights their potential as dietary geroprotective interventions.
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DOI: 10.1186/s12979-025-00522-y
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