article · Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research
Agricultural waste from oil bean pods can be converted into cellulose xanthate through chemical processing. Cellulose was first extracted from the pods using dewaxing, alkaline treatment, bleaching, washing, and drying. This isolated cellulose was then transformed into cellulose xanthate by mercerisation with sodium hydroxide followed by reaction with carbon disulphide. Detailed characterisation confirmed the successful formation of the compound. The process altered the material's properties, increasing its crystallinity index from 63.4 percent in the raw cellulose to 76.0 percent in the xanthated product. Thermal evaluation showed the primary breakdown takes place between 300 and 400 degrees Celsius, with the xanthated material exhibiting lower mass loss during degradation. Surface analysis revealed porous, rough structures, although the chemical modification reduced the overall surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter compared to the initial isolated cellulose.
Finding new uses for agricultural waste materials like oil bean pods supports sustainable manufacturing. Converting plant biomass into functional chemical derivatives provides renewable alternative feedstocks. Understanding the structural, thermal, and crystalline properties of these derived materials helps researchers evaluate whether crop waste can reliably replace conventional precursors in chemical processes.
The abstract demonstrates that oil bean pod biomass can serve as a precursor for cellulose xanthate, but it does not specify direct applications, target end users, or an explicit commercialisation pathway. Given that the study is limited to laboratory-scale synthesis and material characterisation, the work represents early-stage research.
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This study investigated the synthesis and structural characterisation of cellulose xanthate derived from oil bean pod biomass. Cellulose was first isolated from oil bean pods through dewaxing, alkaline treatment, bleaching, washing and drying, and the extracted cellulose was subsequently converted to cellulose xanthate by mercerisation with 18% sodium hydroxide and reaction with carbon disulphide under alkaline conditions. The synthesised material was characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric/derivative thermogravimetric analysis and BET surface analysis. FTIR analysis indicated functional groups associated with cellulose and cellulose xanthate, including O-H, C-O-C, C=S, pyranose ring and β-glycosidic linkages. XRD analysis showed crystallinity indices of 63.4% for cellulose and 76.0% for cellulose xanthate, indicating a change in crystallinity after xanthation. Thermal analysis showed initial moisture-related mass losses of 0.90% and 0.84% for cellulose and cellulose xanthate, respectively, and the main degradation occurred between 300 and 400°C. The mass losses recorded for cellulose and cellulose xanthate were 33.75% and 29.68%, respectively. SEM micrographs showed porous structures with surface roughness and aggregation. BET analysis showed that isolated cellulose had higher surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter than cellulose xanthate. Overall, the results indicate that oil bean pod biomass can serve as a precursor for cellulose xanthate with distinct structural, thermal and surface characteristics.
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DOI: 10.9734/ajacr/2026/v17i3414
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