Synthesis and modification of novel thiazole-fused quinoxalines as new insecticidal agents against the cotton leafworm <i>Spodoptera litura</i>: design, characterization, <i>in vivo</i> bio-evaluation, toxicological effectiveness, and study their mode of action

Abstract

< 0.05) in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (AlP), while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels significantly increased. SEM analysis revealed malformations in the external body, while histological examination demonstrated severe damage to the gut epithelium and regenerative cells in the midgut tissues.