review · RSC Advances
Sulfated polysaccharides play vital roles in physiological and pathological processes, making them increasingly valuable across biomedicine. However, unmodified forms often suffer from inadequate mechanical and thermal stability. To meet the stringent demands of biomedical use, these raw polymers can be chemically blended with synthetic polymers, linked with other biopolymers, or grafted with targeted fillers to form bio-nanocomposites. These hybrid modifications enhance both physical durability and therapeutic efficacy. Such materials exhibit notable biological capabilities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anticoagulant properties. The overall biological performance of sulfated polysaccharide bio-nanocomposites depends heavily on extraction techniques, molecular weight, sulfation degree, chemical distribution, modification methods, and filler dimensions. Understanding these variables alongside ongoing manufacturing challenges provides clear opportunities to advance bio-nanocomposites through novel material combinations and refined processing methods.
Developing eco-friendly and biocompatible materials is crucial for advancing modern medical treatments. Sulfated polysaccharides offer diverse biological activities, but raw materials lack structural resilience. Transforming these natural polymers into reinforced bio-nanocomposites enables the development of robust, multifunctional biomaterials capable of delivering anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory therapies while reducing reliance on purely synthetic, non-sustainable medical polymers.
Sulfated polysaccharide bio-nanocomposites could enable therapies in oncology, antiviral treatment, and inflammatory disease management, relevant to pharmaceutical developers and biomaterial manufacturers. Because the abstract details early-stage research focused on material properties, synthesis mechanisms, and processing challenges, the technology remains at an early developmental stage and requires further refinement before real-world clinical or industrial adoption.
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Sustainable biomaterials that are both efficient and environmentally friendly are the subject of research and development efforts among scientists and academics from a variety of contemporary scientific disciplines. Due to their significant involvement in several physiological and pathological processes, sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) have garnered growing interest across various application domains, including biomedicine. Nevertheless, mechanical and thermal stability are issues for unmodified polysaccharide materials. Interactions between polymers, such as the mixing of biopolymers with synthetic or biopolymers through chemical interaction or grafting into the main chain structure of raw materials to enhance their therapeutic effects, are essential to meet the high standards of biomedical features. Another way to improve the mechanical and thermal properties is to graft appropriate fillers onto the polysaccharide backbone. The characteristics of polysaccharide bio-nanocomposites in comparison to more traditional polymers have attracted a lot of interest. With an emphasis on anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anticoagulant properties, this review delves into the most recent biological uses of sulfated polysaccharides. As well as thoroughly outlining the factors that impact the biological properties, such as the extraction process, molecular weight (Mw), the degree of sulfation, distribution/position, modification procedures, and the filler size, <i>etc.</i>, this review aims to: (1) provide a systematic and critical overview of the cutting-edge research on SPs and hybrid sulfated polysaccharide bio-nanocomposites; (2) identify the key factors, mechanisms, methods, and challenges impacting SPs bio-nanocomposites; (3) elucidate the current and potential biomedical applications, advantages, manufacturing challenges, and opportunities associated with SPs bio-nanocomposites; (4) offer insights into future research directions by suggesting improvements for bio-nanocomposites, including novel materials, and advanced processing techniques.
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DOI: 10.1039/d4ra07277d
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