Stigmatization and Coping Strategies of People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Emotion- and Problem-Focused Responses by Education Level

Abstract

Abstract Background: Stigmatization remains a significant challenge in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS epidemic, leading to increased transmission due to reduced testing, delayed treatment, and poor medication adherence. These factors, driven by stigma rather than the virus itself, also contribute to higher HIV-related mortality. Aims: This study examines the experiences of stigmatization among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) and explores their coping strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was employed, utilizing a self-structured questionnaire for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 29 software, with findings presented through frequency tables, percentages, means, standard deviations (SDs), and Chi-square analysis. Results: The findings indicate that most of the 80 respondents experienced moderate emotional stigma (Mean = 1.20, SD = 0.40), with many reporting social avoidance by those aware of their condition (Mean = 1.32, SD = 0.46). Moreover, a significant proportion of respondents sought knowledge about their condition and shared their feelings with friends, family, healthcare providers, or other supportive individuals (Mean = 1.10, SD = 0.30), demonstrating the use of both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. The Chi-square analysis ( n = 80) revealed a significant association between respondents’ education level and their coping strategies, with P values of 0.038 and 0.042 (both < 0.05). This suggests that education level influences the ability to utilize problem-focused and emotional coping strategies. Conclusion: Hospitals should conduct regular awareness campaigns and staff training to ensure non-discriminatory care, while tailored education programs can empower PLHIV to adopt effective coping methods. Peer support networks and integrated psychological counseling should be part of routine HIV care. Policy guidelines must include enforceable stigma-reduction protocols to improve health outcomes and quality of life for PLHIV.