Specification of the Western Africa Case Studies

Abstract

This deliverable comprehensively analyzes energy systems and pathways for sustainable development in the West African region, focusing on decarbonization and enhanced energy access. Prepared under Work Package 5 of the OpenMod4Africa (OM4A) project, the study addresses the pressing challenges of energy inefficiency, high costs, and reliance on fossil fuels while exploring the vast renewable energy potential in the region. These efforts align with ECOWAS Vision 2050 and global climate objectives. West Africa’s energy landscape is characterized by significant disparities in electrification rates, limited infrastructure in rural areas, and a heavy dependence on fossil fuels for electricity generation. Despite notable progress in renewable energy integration, the region has yet to fully exploit its abundant solar, wind, and hydropower resources due to technical, financial, and institutional barriers. Addressing these issues requires innovative strategies and collaborative efforts to accelerate the energy transition. The deliverable emphasizes leveraging advanced energy modeling tools to identify viable decarbonization pathways. The GENeSYS-MOD framework optimizes energy systems, considering demand projections, resource mapping, and technology costs. This is complemented by Plan4RES and OpenTEPES tools, which evaluate grid reliability, operational flexibility, and cost optimization. These models provide actionable insights for deploying renewable energy, energy storage, and grid modernization strategies. In Senegal, the study focuses on renewable energy integration, rural electrification through mini-grids, and the electrification of urban transport systems, such as Dakar’s Bus Rapid Transit and minibus networks. This approach addresses both immediate energy access needs and long-term decarbonization goals. Similarly, the replicability study in Ghana explores how hydroelectric resources can be leveraged to meet energy access challenges while supporting a low-carbon future. The deliverable identifies clear pathways for solutions and greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the share of renewable energy, enhancing system reliability through storage solutions, and modernizing transmission and distribution infrastructure. It also highlights the economic and environmental trade- offs, providing quantitative insights to balance system costs, emissions reductions, and energy reliability. Policy recommendations focus on harmonizing regional regulatory frameworks, fostering public-private partnerships, and directing investments toward critical infrastructure, such as renewable energy systems and grid upgrades. By capitalizing on its renewable energy potential and fostering regional cooperation, West Africa can achieve a sustainable energy transition that supports economic growth, improves energy access, and addresses global climate challenges. This deliverable serves as a blueprint for realizing these goals, providing a foundation for further innovation and policy development.