review · Environment International
This review addresses cadmium contamination in paddy fields, a significant health concern due to its toxicity and widespread presence. It synthesises current understanding of how cadmium moves from soil to rice grains, covering its geochemical distribution and speciation in soil-rice systems. The review details the mobilisation, uptake, and transport of cadmium, along with associated health risks and transformation mechanisms. It also examines the role of transporters in reducing cadmium accumulation in rice plants and factors influencing its bioavailability. Finally, it compares various remediation approaches aimed at mitigating environmental and health risks from cadmium contamination in paddy fields, providing a comprehensive overview of cadmium's fate in these ecosystems.
Understanding how toxic cadmium moves from soil into rice, a staple food, is vital for public health. This review consolidates knowledge on the issue, helping researchers and policymakers develop strategies to reduce contamination and ensure food safety in affected regions.
This review consolidates knowledge that could inform the development of innovative and applicable methods for controlling cadmium accumulation in rice grains. It also supports the sustainable management of cadmium-contaminated paddy fields. This work is foundational research that could lead to applied solutions for agricultural practitioners and food safety organisations.
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Cadmium (Cd) contamination in paddy fields is a serious health concern because of its high toxicity and widespread pollution. Recently, much progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms involved in Cd uptake, transport, and transformation from paddy soils to rice grains, aiming to mitigate the associated health risk; however, these topics have not been critically reviewed to date. Here, we summarized and reviewed the (1) geochemical distribution and speciation of Cd in soil-rice systems, (2) mobilization, uptake, and transport of Cd from soil to rice grains and the associated health risks, (3) pathways and transformation mechanisms of Cd from soil to rice grains, (4) transporters involved in reducing Cd uptake, transport, and accumulation in rice plants, (5) factors governing Cd bioavailability in paddy, and (6) comparison of remediation approaches for mitigating the environmental and health risks of Cd contamination in paddy fields. Briefly, this review presents the state of the art about the fate of Cd in paddy fields and its transport from soil to grains, contributing to a better understanding of the environmental hazards of Cd in rice ecosystems. Challenges and perspectives for controlling Cd risks in rice are thus raised. The summarized findings in this review may help to develop innovative and applicable methods for controlling Cd accumulation in rice grains and sustainably manage Cd-contaminated paddy fields.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106749
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