Sociodemographic Determinants of Immune Dysregulation in Illicit Drug Users: A Cross-sectional Study in Osun State Polytechnic, Iree

Abstract

Introduction: Illicit drug use remains a significant public health concern, particularly among young adults, with growing evidence linking substance use to immune dysregulation. Sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status may influence immune responses in drug users, yet data from Nigerian populations remain limited. Aims: This study investigates the association between sociodemographic characteristics and immune dysregulation among illicit drug users at Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, providing insights for targeted public health interventions. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 participants, comprising 90 illicit drug users and 90 nonusers. Data on sociodemographics were collected through structured questionnaires, while blood samples were analyzed for inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and C-reactive protein [CRP]) using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cellular immune responses (cluster of differentiation 4 positive [CD4+] T lymphocyte [T-cell] counts) using flow cytometry. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests and Mann–Whitney U-tests, were performed to determine associations, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Illicit drug users exhibited significantly higher inflammatory marker levels (IL-6: 18.5 ± 4.2 pg/mL vs. 10.2 ± 3.1 pg/mL; CRP: 8.9 ± 2.5 mg/L vs. 4.3 ± 1.8 mg/L; P < 0.001) and lower CD4+ T-cell counts (320 ± 75 cells/mm³ vs. 550 ± 100 cells/mm³; P < 0.001) compared to nonusers. Male drug users and individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds showed more pronounced immune dysregulation ( P < 0.01). Conclusions: These findings highlight the impact of sociodemographic factors on immune function among drug users, emphasizing the need for targeted public health interventions. Gender-specific and socioeconomically tailored prevention programs are crucial to mitigating the health risks associated with illicit substance use. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to explore causality and long-term immune consequences.