Socio-economic status and fertility behaviour among households in Enugu State, Nigeria

Abstract

Fertility patterns in Nigeria are strongly influenced by socioeconomic and cultural factors. This study examined the effects of income, educational attainment, occupational status, contraceptive use, and cultural beliefs on fertility behaviour among households in Enugu State. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, involving 422 adults selected through a multistage sampling technique from six purposively chosen communities. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests in SPSS version 25, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis.Findings revealed significant associations between low income and higher fertility (χ² = 54.87, p < 0.001), higher education and lower fertility (χ² = 41.32, p < 0.001), formal-sector employment and reduced fertility (χ² = 36.19, p < 0.001), and contraceptive use and smaller family size (χ² = 29.45, p < 0.001). Traditional sociocultural norms including male-child preference, perception of children as economic assets, and religious opposition to contraception were also significantly associated with higher fertility (χ² = 38.76, p < 0.001).These findings underscore the complex interplay of structural and cultural factors in shaping reproductive behaviour. Addressing fertility disparities in Enugu State requires integrated interventions that enhance economic opportunities, expand female education, and provide culturally sensitive reproductive health services.