Single-drop microextraction application for the rapid and sensitive determination of endosulfan and its metabolites in water samples

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the practical application of Single Drop Micro Extraction (SDME) as an efficient and sustainable technique for determining endosulfan and its metabolites in water. Experiments were performed with samples collected from different areas in the Loukkos region, Morocco, using a Finnigan MAT GCQ Model, equipped with a 30-m x 0.32-mm ID, ZB-5 (0.25-μm film thickness) fused-silica capillary column, Helium was used as a carrier gas (at 30 kPa), The ion trap mass spectrometer was operated in the electron ionization mode. The research highlights SDME's sensitivity in detecting and quantifying endosulfan and its metabolites in environmental samples, with achieved detection limits ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 μg/L. Furthermore, this study underscores the innovative potential of SDME by showcasing its compatibility with advanced detection techniques. These approaches have the potential to enhance sensitivity even further, potentially lowering detection limits to more stringent levels. Another notable aspect of SDME is its substantial reduction in solvent consumption, effectively minimizing costs and diminishing the ecological footprint associated with pesticide analysis. SDME may be considered a promising method due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness