article · Biotechnology Progress
Fungal xylanases obtained from agricultural waste valorisation can successfully biofabricate silver-gold alloy nanoparticles with diverse biological and catalytic functions. Enzymes derived from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma longibrachiatum grown on corn-cobs were used to synthesise bimetallic nanoparticles, which were naturally capped and stabilised by fungal proteins. The resulting alloy nanoparticles displayed anisotropic shapes and sizes ranging between roughly 7 and 53 nanometres. Laboratory assessments demonstrated that the nanoparticles inhibited clinical bacterial and fungal growth, scavenged free radicals including hydrogen peroxide, and catalysed the degradation of environmental dyes such as malachite green and methylene blue. In tests using human blood samples, the materials also showed marked anticoagulant and clot-dissolving, or thrombolytic, capabilities. These outcomes highlight an eco-friendly route to producing multifunctional bimetallic nanomaterials using renewable biocatalysts.
Using enzymes from agricultural by-products to synthesise metallic nanoparticles offers a greener alternative to hazardous chemical manufacturing methods. Because these dual-metal nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, dye-degrading, and blood clot-busting properties, the approach demonstrates how renewable biological processing can create multifunctional nanomaterials for healthcare and environmental remediation without reliance on toxic reducing agents.
The findings suggest potential applications in industrial wastewater treatment, topical antimicrobial treatments, and medical therapies targeting blood clots. Beneficiaries could include biotechnology firms, water treatment operators, and biomedical developers. Because testing remains confined to early-stage laboratory assays evaluating in vitro dye degradation, microbial inhibition, and blood activity, significant preclinical testing and process scaling are needed before any practical real-world deployment can occur.
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The search for biocompatible nanoparticles with vast applicability has impacted on exploration of various biomaterials for the synthesis of mono and bimetallic nanoparticles. Xylanase is widely regarded as an industrially important enzyme but its potentials in nanotechnological applications are yet to be fully explored. The current study investigates the exploit of xylanases of Aspergillus niger L3 (NE) and Trichoderma longibrachiatum L2 (TE) produced through valorization of corn-cob, to synthesize silver-gold alloy nanoparticles (Ag-AuNPs). Characterization of the Ag-AuNPs involved UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, while their prospective use as antimicrobial, antioxidant, catalytic, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic agents were studied. The biosynthesized Ag-AuNPs were ruby red and light purple with surface plasmon resonance at 520 and 534 nm for NEAg-AuNPs and TEAg-AuNPs, respectively; while FTIR showed that protein molecules capped and stabilized the nanoparticles. The Ag-AuNPs were anisotropic with spherical, oval, and irregular shapes having sizes ranging from 6.98 to 52.51 nm. The nanoparticles appreciably inhibited the growth of tested clinical bacteria (23.40-90.70%) and fungi (70.10-89.05%), and also scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (48.51-53.79%) and hydrogen peroxide (80.5-95.50%). Furthermore, the Ag-AuNPs degraded malachite green (91.39%) and methylene blue (47.10%). Moreover, the Ag-AuNPs displayed outstanding anticoagulant and thrombolytic activities using human blood. This study further emphasizes the significance of xylanases in nanobiotechnology as it has established the potential of xylanases to synthesize Ag-AuNPs, which is being reported for the first time.
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DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2829
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