article · Molecules
Selenium is an essential micronutrient for humans, animals, and microbes. Selenium nanoparticles have gained widespread scientific interest because of their biocompatibility, bioavailability, and comparatively low toxicity. These nanoparticles can be produced using physical, chemical, or biological methods, with biological synthesis representing a preferred route because it relies on non-toxic solvents and operates at mild reaction temperatures. Due to their heightened bioactivity, selenium nanoparticles are applied in multiple medical contexts, including treatments for cancer, bacterial and fungal infections, and wound healing. Achieving desirable physical properties, including defined size, shape, and stability, depends directly on synthesis conditions such as the choice of biological extract, precursor, temperature, and processing duration. Documenting how these variables interact enables more precise nanoparticle fabrication tailored to specific therapeutic and biomedical demands.
Developing safer, biocompatible materials is essential for improving therapies against cancer and drug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. Outlining how to produce selenium nanoparticles through biological methods provides a foundation for greener, less toxic manufacturing of medical interventions, ultimately supporting the design of more effective treatments for wound recovery and disease management.
This work points to applications in therapeutics, wound care products, and antimicrobial formulations for pharmaceutical and biotechnology developers. By identifying how biological inputs and reaction parameters affect particle size and stability, it assists early-stage process design. However, as the abstract describes general synthesis techniques and broad medicinal indications rather than validated products, commercial adoption remains at an early laboratory research and development stage requiring substantial downstream validation.
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Selenium is a trace and necessary micronutrient for human, animal, and microbial health. Many researchers have recently been interested in selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) due to their biocompatibility, bioavailability, and low toxicity. As a result of their greater bioactivity, selenium nanoparticles are widely employed in a variety of biological applications. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches can all be used to synthesize selenium nanoparticles. Since it uses non-toxic solvents and operates at a suitable temperature, the biological technique is a preferable option. This review article addresses the processes implemented in the synthesis of SeNPs and highlights their medicinal uses, such as the treatment of fungi, bacteria, cancer, and wounds. Furthermore, we discuss the most recent findings on the potential of several biological materials for selenium nanoparticle production. The precursor, extract, process, time, temperature, and other synthesis criteria will be elaborated in conjunction with the product's physical properties (size, shape, and stability). The synergies of SeNP synthesis via various methods aid future researchers in precisely synthesizing SeNPs and using them in desired applications.
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DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040801
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