review · Chemical Reviews
Chemiresistive gas sensors have demonstrated appreciable sensitivities across various target gases, driven by demands in human health monitoring, safety protection against hazardous or explosive gases, and food freshness assessment. Despite these advances, widespread commercialisation remains restricted by poor selectivity, sluggish response and recovery speeds, and an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms governing selective responses to target analytes. Current strategies to improve selectivity focus on materials design, surface modification using catalysts, defect engineering, precise structural control, and coupling sensors with physical or chemical gas filtration media. Understanding surface-gas interactions and their underlying mechanisms enables improved materials selection and performance optimisation. Ongoing research focuses on resolving these mechanistic challenges to achieve accurate detection of specific gases.
Accurate gas detection is essential for monitoring noncommunicable diseases, preventing industrial hazards from explosive or greenhouse gases, and verifying food freshness. Resolving selectivity issues ensures sensors react solely to target substances without false readings, supporting reliable and safe deployment in clinical, industrial, and consumer settings.
The findings inform sensor development for health diagnostics, environmental safety, and food supply management, with device manufacturers as primary end-users. As the technology faces persistent challenges regarding selectivity, speed, and incomplete mechanistic knowledge, it remains in the early-stage to applied research phase, requiring further materials optimisation before achieving widespread market adoption.
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The demand for highly functional chemical gas sensors has surged due to the increasing awareness of human health to monitor metabolic disorders or noncommunicable diseases, safety measures against harmful greenhouse and/or explosive gases, and determination of food freshness. Over the years of dedicated research, several types of chemiresistive gas sensors have been realized with appreciable sensitivities toward various gases. However, critical issues such as poor selectivity and sluggish response/recovery speeds continue to impede their widespread commercialization. Specifically, the mechanisms behind the selective response of some chemiresistive materials toward specific gas analytes remain unclear. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art strategies employed to attain gas-selective chemiresistive materials, with particular emphasis on materials design, surface modification or functionalization with catalysts, defect engineering, material structure control, and integration with physical/chemical gas filtration media. The nature of material surface-gas interactions and the supporting mechanisms are elucidated, opening opportunities for optimizing the materials design, fine-tuning the gas sensing performance, and guiding the selection of the most appropriate materials for the accurate detection of specific gases. This review concludes with recommendations for future research directions and potential opportunities for further selectivity improvements.
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DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00592
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