Seeing sanitation: using photovoice for research and advocacy on WASH challenges in two Ethiopian urban primary schools

Abstract

ABSTRACT Alt text: Graphical abstract illustrating findings from a photovoice study in two urban primary schools in Jimma, Ethiopia, showing how systemic gaps contributed to poor WASH maintenance and behavioral constraints, while community assets and stakeholder advocacy supported problem recognition and action. Ensuring access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities and services remains an important challenge in Ethiopian schools. This study used photovoice, a participatory photography-based method, to explore both WASH challenges and opportunities in two primary school settings, and to engage stakeholders in a collective reflection. Two purposively selected public primary schools in Jimma Town were selected to participate in the study, involving 10 teachers and 10 students. Participants captured their surroundings during task-based activities and afterwards analyzed and discussed the photos. These findings were presented and discussed with 75 relevant stakeholders during an advocacy event. Findings revealed that school WASH challenges originate from broader systemic factors. These systemic gaps deflected responsibility and contributed to inadequate maintenance, infrastructure deterioration, and poor behaviors. Despite these constraints, participants demonstrated individual and collective efforts in maintaining positive WASH practice where facilities allowed. Notably, the study demonstrated the unique value of photovoice as both a research and advocacy tool. This study highlights the interconnectedness of systemic governance, institutional maintenance, infrastructure functionality, and community behavior in shaping WASH outcomes in urban primary schools in Ethiopia.