Seasonal Variation in Concentration of Particulate Matter (Pm2.5 and Pm10) in Communities Surrounding a Cement Manufacturing Plan in Obajana, Kogi State, Nigeria

Abstract

Air pollution from industrial activities poses a significant environmental and public health challenge, particularly in rapidly developing countries. Consequently, the objective of this study was to Seasonal variations in concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in communities surrounding a Cement Manufacturing plant in Obajana, Kogi State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. Data obtained showed that the PM10 concentrations ranged from 45.4 µg/m³ to 230.1 µg/m³, while PM2.5 ranged from 41.2 µg/m³ to 291.6 µg/m³. The findings showed that PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were consistently higher during the dry season across most locations, with values exceeding international safety thresholds. Locations within 0.5 to 2 km of the cement plant recorded the highest pollutant levels, confirming the influence of proximity. Interestingly, Year 2 showed a sharp rise in PM2.5 concentrations even during the rainy season, suggesting other environmental or operational factors may be at play. Statistical analysis confirmed significant seasonal differences in both PM2.5 and PM10 levels (p < 0.05), though spatial variation was more evident in PM2.5. Particulate pollution around the cement factory is critically high and poses both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks to both plants and animals. While community awareness is relatively strong, the persistent exposure underscores the need for urgent regulatory, technological, and public health interventions.