review · Antibiotics
Salmonella is a prominent foodborne pathogen responsible for widespread gastroenteritis in both humans and animals, encompassing more than 2600 identified serovars. Transmission predominantly occurs along the farm-to-fork continuum through contaminated food, with poultry products representing the primary vector, alongside beef, pork, fish, and fresh produce. While antibiotic therapies have historically formed the foundation of salmonellosis treatment, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug-resistant strains poses substantial challenges to public health and veterinary care. Addressing these threats requires a comprehensive examination of the pathogen's host range, transmission dynamics, and pathogenesis. In response to declining antibiotic efficacy, focus is increasingly directed towards understanding disease mechanisms and evaluating alternative, non-antibiotic strategies to control and manage resistant infections.
Salmonella is a frequent cause of foodborne illness that affects both human populations and livestock. The rise of multidrug-resistant strains undermines standard medical treatments, creating severe health risks and economic losses across agriculture. Identifying infection routes and exploring non-antibiotic interventions are critical steps toward preserving food safety and curbing the global expansion of antimicrobial resistance.
The findings point towards applications in animal husbandry, veterinary medicine, and food processing, where stakeholders require novel interventions to replace conventional antibiotics. Target users include poultry and livestock producers seeking compliant pathogen-control measures. Because the text presents a high-level review of mechanisms and potential strategies rather than empirical trial data for a specific formulation, the implied solutions remain at an early research and development stage.
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<i>Salmonella</i> is a major foodborne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. <i>Salmonella</i> is highly pathogenic and encompasses more than 2600 characterized serovars. The transmission of <i>Salmonella</i> to humans occurs through the farm-to-fork continuum and is commonly linked to the consumption of animal-derived food products. Among these sources, poultry and poultry products are primary contributors, followed by beef, pork, fish, and non-animal-derived food such as fruits and vegetables. While antibiotics constitute the primary treatment for salmonellosis, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) <i>Salmonella</i> strains have highlighted the urgency of developing antibiotic alternatives. Effective infection management necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the pathogen's epidemiology and transmission dynamics. Therefore, this comprehensive review focuses on the epidemiology, sources of infection, risk factors, transmission dynamics, and the host range of <i>Salmonella</i> serotypes. This review also investigates the disease characteristics observed in both humans and animals, antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, and potential strategies for treatment and control of salmonellosis, emphasizing the most recent antibiotic-alternative approaches for infection control.
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DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010076
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