Rhizobacterial Colonization and Management of Bacterial Speck Pathogen in Tomato by Pseudomonas spp.

Abstract

Plants and soil microorganisms interact at every stage of growth. <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. are highly regarded for their ability to increase crop production and protection from diseases. The aim of this study is to understand the mechanisms of the rhizobacterial colonization of tomato roots via chemotaxis assay and the activation of tomato resistance against the pathogenic bacterium, <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). The capillary assay was used to evaluate the chemotaxis response of PGPRs (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria). The activities of defense enzymes and the expressions of PR (pathogenesis-related) genes were measured using real-time qPCR. Chemotactic responses to malic and citric acids (the most important root exudates found in different plant species) at low concentrations varied substantially among the rhizobacterial isolates (63 species). Beneficial isolates including <i>Pseudomonas resinovorans</i> A5, <i>P. vranovensis</i> A30, <i>P. resinovorans</i> A28, <i>P. umsongensis</i> O26, <i>P. stutzeri</i> N42, and <i>P. putida</i> T15 reacted well to different concentrations of root exudates. <i>P. putida</i> T15 demonstrated the most potent anti-Pst activity. At three and six days after inoculation, the greatest levels of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity were reported in the A5 and T15 groups. In tomato, transcript levels of four PR (pathogenesis-related) genes were elevated by rhizobacterial treatments. PGPR isolates alone or in combination with BABA (β-amino butyric acid) up-regulated the transcriptions of <i>PR1</i>, <i>PR2</i>, <i>LOX</i>, and <i>PAL</i> genes. Treatments with N42 and T15 resulted in the greatest improvements in tomato growth and yield traits. In conclusion, the results explain the mechanisms of rhizobacterial colonization for the improved management of Pst. Rhizobacterial isolates play a role in tomato's resistance to Pst via salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways.