Review of Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics: Comparative Clinical Translation, Safety Barriers and Regulatory Challenges

Abstract

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in modern medicine, offering innovative strategies for disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Nanoparticles, typically ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm in size, possess unique physicochemical properties that enable targeted drug delivery, enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major types of nanoparticles used in disease treatment, including lipid-based, polymeric, metallic, magnetic and carbon-based nanoparticles. Their applications across various disease domains, such as cancer, infectious diseases, neurological disorders and cardiovascular conditions, are discussed. In addition, the benefits and limitations associated with nanoparticle-based therapies, including safety concerns and regulatory challenges, are critically examined. Finally, future perspectives on the clinical translation and advancement of nanomedicine are highlighted.