article · Journal of Molecular Liquids
Four types of almond shell adsorbents, Marcona, Fournat de Brézenaud, Ferraduel, and Ferriages, were tested to remove malachite green dye from textile wastewater. Characterisation of the materials confirmed that the biosorbents bind the dye through a monolayer chemisorption process, which acts as the rate-controlling step. At neutral pH and thirty-five degrees Celsius, the materials demonstrated varying uptake capacities, with Fournat de Brézenaud achieving the highest adsorption capacity at 117.65 milligrams per gram, followed by Ferraduel at 60.98 milligrams per gram, Ferriages at 48.08 milligrams per gram, and Marcona at 40.82 milligrams per gram. Computational simulations supported these findings by showing that the dye cation is particularly vulnerable to nucleophilic interaction. These agricultural by-products present an inexpensive and feasible alternative to traditional remediation methods for capturing dye pollutants from wastewater streams.
Malachite green dye in industrial runoff poses severe health hazards to aquatic life and surrounding communities. Finding low-cost, natural materials to capture hazardous chemicals can significantly reduce environmental contamination from textile manufacturing. Using agricultural by-products like almond shells provides an accessible and affordable pathway to remediate toxic industrial effluents, supporting cleaner water systems without relying on expensive, complex treatment technologies.
The work addresses wastewater treatment for textile manufacturers and industrial effluent facilities seeking low-cost biosorbents. The findings represent early-stage, laboratory-tested research based on standard batch solutions and computational modelling. Scaling up would require further development to optimise performance in complex, real-world wastewater samples at low concentrations and to design practical filtration systems suitable for commercial operations.
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The presence of malachite green (MG) in surface waters represents a major health hazard for aquatic organisms and communities living near contaminated water sources. In this study, almond shell adsorbents prepared from the four almond types Marcona (M), Fournat de Brézenaud (FZ), Ferraduel (FD) and Ferriages (FG), used to clean wastewater from the textile industry that had been contaminated with the color MG. Optimal adsorption parameters were determined through batch experiments using a standard dye solution. Further, SEM, XRD, BET, and FTIR were employed for characterizing the biosorbents. The examination of the experimental data using isotherms and kinetic models revealed that the adsorption of the MG occurs in a monolayer, with chemical adsorption as the rate-controlling step. The maximum adsorption capacities, under pH around 7 and temperature of 35 °C were 40.82, 60.98, 48.08, and 117.65 mg/g for M, FD, FG, and FZ, respectively. In addition, MC simulation models, and DFT, calculations were performed to provide a more detailed understanding of the adsorption mechanism. Topological studies such as NCI, RDG, LOL, and ELF were conducted and discussed using Multiwave function (Multiwfn) and VMD programs in liquid phase. In conclusion, chemisorption limits the rate of the adsorption process, and that green cation malachite is more susceptible to nucleophilic than electrophilic attacking. Based on these experimental and theoretical results, it is possible to consider these materials as an inexpensive and viable solution to eliminate MG from wastewater. Adsorption on cellulose can be considered as a feasible strategy for wastewater treatment, and the adsorbents can be optimized for use in real wastewater samples at even lower concentrations. This approach offers an inexpensive and effective technological alternative to conventional methods for the retention of MG.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2024.124435
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