Regional Characteristics of Geomagnetic Storms and Their Impact on Tropospheric Weather Parameters in Low-Latitude Regions

Abstract

Geomagnetic storms are recognized for their effects on both space-based and terrestrial technological systems, as well as on atmospheric phenomena. This research explores the effects of geomagnetic disturbances on essential tropospheric weather variables temperature and relative humidity within the low-latitude region. Utilizing data from Osogbo, Nigeria (7.45°N, 4.40°E) and Bahir-Dar, Ethiopia (11.62°N, 37.16°E), the research analyzes the correlation and lagged response of meteorological factors at three isobaric pressure levels (1000 hPa, 850 hPa, and 600 hPa) in relation to geomagnetic storm occurrences as indicated by the Disturbance Storm Time (Dst) index. Data were sourced from NASA’s Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) covering the years 2003 and 2024. Statistical methods, including Pearson correlation and sixth-order polynomial regression, were employed to identify both linear and nonlinear relationships. The findings indicate a significant, time-lagged effect occuring within 1-3 days of geomagnetic storms on atmospheric dynamics in equatorial regions. These results enhance the understanding of space-weather–climate interactions, especially in the limited prior research areas.