Recurring Water Scarcity in Nigeria: Implications for Domestic Water Access, Public Health, and Sustainable Management

Abstract

Water scarcity remains a persistent challenge in Nigeria, manifesting as recurring annual shortages that compromise both the quality and quantity of water available for domestic use in rural and urban communities. This narrative review examines the health, economic, and social implications of these shortages, with particular attention to waterborne diseases (such as cholera, typhoid, and diarrhea), infrastructure deficits, and rural-urban disparities. Drawing on a synthesis of recent literature, policy analyses, and reports, the study highlights how climate variability, rapid urbanization, poor governance, and infrastructural decay exacerbate vulnerabilities. Rural areas often rely on unsafe seasonal sources (such as rivers and rainwater), while urban centers face pollution, aging pipes, and over-reliance on unregulated vendors. Women and children bear a disproportionate burden through water collection, limiting education and economic opportunities and perpetuating poverty cycles. Key findings highlight implementation gaps in existing frameworks, such as the National Water Resources Policy (2004) and the Water Sector Reform Act (2016), where weak coordination, underfunding, and corruption hinder progress despite policy ambitions. The review proposes sustainable strategies, including Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), community-based governance, rainwater harvesting, climate-resilient infrastructure, and public-private partnerships. Addressing Nigeria's water crisis demands a holistic approach integrating technological innovation, policy enforcement, and community participation to ensure equitable access to safe water, reduce disease burden, and support broader development goals.