review · Remote Sensing
Landslides represent dangerous geohazards triggered by rainfall, seismic events, or human activity. Protecting vulnerable populations requires reliable monitoring strategies, often integrating spaceborne observation, laser scanning, and ground-based interferometry with local subsurface evaluations. This review evaluates research on both large-scale surface and local-scale subsurface landslide monitoring methods, examining movement, stresses, hydrological factors, temperature, and warning mechanisms alongside data gathering and prototype field systems. The choice of monitoring technique depends on site-specific baseline conditions, with optimal solutions balancing measurement accuracy, spatiotemporal resolution, range, durability, cost, and suitability for field deployment. Significant technical challenges persist, including the creation of distributed subsurface monitoring networks across broad geographic areas, the mathematical interpolation of complex nonlinear subsurface data, and the incomplete development of dependable early warning systems.
Landslides cause significant threats to human lives, infrastructure, and communities worldwide. Identifying the most effective surface and subsurface monitoring techniques helps practitioners select appropriate tools to detect ground instability early. Highlighting ongoing gaps in data interpretation and wide-area subsurface sensing provides clear priorities for improving disaster preparedness and warning mechanisms.
This review outlines technologies relevant to developers of disaster monitoring instrumentation, geotechnical engineering firms, and civil protection agencies. While prototype field systems and various remote sensing tools exist, distributed wide-area subsurface monitoring networks and automated warning sign systems remain early-stage and under development, requiring further engineering and data-modelling breakthroughs before robust commercial deployment can occur.
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Landslides are a common and challenging geohazard that may be caused by earthquakes, rainfall, or manmade activity. Various monitoring strategies are used in order to safeguard populations at risk from landslides. This task frequently depends on the utilization of remote sensing methods, which include the observation of Earth from space, laser scanning, and ground-based interferometry. In recent years, there have been notable advancements in technologies utilized for monitoring landslides. The literature lacks a comprehensive study of subsurface monitoring systems using a mixed review approach that combines systematic and scientometric methods. In this study, scientometric and systematic analysis was used to perform a mixed review. An in-depth analysis of existing research on landslide-monitoring techniques was conducted. Surface-monitoring methods for large-scale landslides are given first. Next, local-scale landslide subsurface monitoring methods (movement, forces and stresses, water, temperature, and warning signs) were examined. Next, data-gathering techniques are shown. Finally, the physical modeling and prototype field systems are highlighted. Consequently, key findings about landslide monitoring are reviewed. While the monitoring technique selection is mainly controlled by the initial conditions of the case study, the superior monitoring technique is determined by the measurement accuracy, spatiotemporal resolution, measuring range, cost, durability, and applicability for field deployment. Finally, research suggestions are proposed, where developing a superior distributed subsurface monitoring system for wide-area monitoring is still challenging. Interpolating the complex nonlinear relationship between subsurface monitoring readings is a clear gap to overcome. Warning sign systems are still under development.
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DOI: 10.3390/rs16020385
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