Recent advances in the application of nanotechnology in food fortification: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Micronutrient deficiencies, also known as "hidden hunger", affect over 2 billion people globally, with a disproportionate impact on children and women of reproductive age living in low- and middle-income countries. The growing burden of micronutrient deficiencies, especially in developing countries, calls for urgent and sustainable food fortification solutions. Fortification, supplementation, and biofortification strategies have significant public health benefits, but have limitations such as low nutrient stability in food, poor bioavailability of some fortifiers (particularly lipophilic compounds), adverse sensory changes, logistical constraints, and incomplete coverage in vulnerable populations. Nanotechnology offers novel methods to enhance the stability, bioavailability, and delivery of essential nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, using nanomaterials. By fortifying food with bioactive compounds at the nanoscale, nanotechnological methods can significantly enhance the nutritional quality of food products while minimizing the adverse sensory attributes and toxicities associated with conventional fortification. Despite their application in food fortification, several issues have been raised with the application of nanotechnology in food fortification, such as consumer perception and acceptance; regulation policies; health risks; scalability and cost; and data gaps in efficacy. This review explores recent advances in nanotechnology and its application in enhancing food fortification. It also discusses the various types of nanomaterials, methods of nanofortification, and benefits and challenges associated with this approach. Additionally, the implications for public health, food safety, and consumer acceptance are addressed, highlighting the potential of nanotechnology to transform the food industry and contribute to achieving global health goals.