Rapid Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles as a Luminescent Nanosensor for Baloxavir Marboxil Determination in Pharmaceuticals and Human Plasma: Comprehensive Assessment of the Method's Sustainability

Abstract

A highly sensitive luminescent nanoprobe was developed for the determination of the new antiviral drug, baloxavir marboxil (BXM) using silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). The Ag-NPs were synthesized via a green microwave-assisted method utilizing Circaea lutetiana leaves as a natural reducing agent in only 1 min. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized using different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The Ag-NPs exhibited strong blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light, with optimal emission at 345 nm when excited at 255 nm. Upon addition of BXM, the intrinsic fluorescence was significantly quenched due to the inner filter effect. The method demonstrated a wide linear range of 0.2-15.0 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and a detection limit of 0.07 μg/mL. The suggested approach was successfully applied to determine BXM in commercial pharmaceutical tablets and biological samples, yielding high % recoveries of (100.52 ± 0.57) and (100.13 ± 0.63), respectively. The environmental sustainability of the method was assessed using green analytical metrics (AGSA and ComplexGAPI), while the overall sustainability was demonstrated by the MA tool, confirming the high sustainability of the method. The proposed method not only highlights the potential of green synthesis techniques but also demonstrates the practical utility of Ag-NPs in pharmaceutical, biological, and antimicrobial applications.