Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis and Mucilage Characterization of Opuntia ficus-indica and Opuntia robusta (Motoroko) Seeds from Botswana

Abstract

The aim of the study was to perform a qualitative phytochemical analysis and mucilage characterization of seeds from two Opuntia species: Opuntia Ficus-indica and Opuntia robusta from Botswana. Phytochemical extractions were conducted using ethanol, methanol, and n-hexane. The results revealed that both species contained saponins, terpenoids, and flavonoids, with O. ficus-indica showing a stronger presence of saponins in polar solvents compared to O. robusta. Both species tested negative for tannins, phenols, and alkaloids across all solvents. The mucilage yield was slightly higher in O. ficus-indica (3.19%) compared to O. robusta (3.03%). Ash content was recorded at 2.44% for O. ficus-indica and 2.28% for O. robusta. Moisture was 4.97% for O. ficus-indica and 7.33% for O. robusta. The water holding capacity (WHC) was higher for O. ficus-indica (5.20 ml/g) compared to that of O. robusta (4.80 ml/g). These findings highlight the potential applications of Opuntia seeds in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their phytochemical contents and functional properties of the mucilage. The study underscores the importance of promoting the utilization of these underutilized seeds in Botswana.