Public health and economic burden of heavy metals in Ethiopia: Review

Abstract

Heavy metals pose a significant threat to public health and economic stability in Ethiopia, contaminating various environmental media, including water, soil, and air. This paper aimed to provide an overview of the public health and economic burden of heavy metals in Ethiopia. Exposure to heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic has been linked to numerous adverse health effects, including neurological disorders, renal failure, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In Ethiopia, populations are particularly vulnerable to heavy metal exposure due to various factors, such as artisanal mining, industrial activities, agricultural practices, and inadequate waste management systems. The economic burden of heavy metal contamination manifests through increased healthcare costs, loss of productivity, and environmental remediation expenses. Furthermore, the impact extends to sectors such as agriculture and tourism, affecting national development goals and exacerbating poverty levels. Efforts to mitigate the public health and economic burdens of heavy metals in Ethiopia require multidisciplinary approaches, including policy interventions, regulatory enforcement, public awareness campaigns, and investment in sustainable development practices. Strengthening monitoring systems, implementing pollution control measures, and promoting research on alternative technologies for waste management are essential steps toward addressing this pressing issue. In conclusion, addressing the public health and economic challenges posed by heavy metal contamination in Ethiopia necessitates concerted efforts from the government, industry, academia, and civil society to safeguard human health, preserve the environment, and promote sustainable development.