Protective Effects of Fenugreek and Stevia Extracts on Dexamethasone‐Induced Testicular Damage in a Rat Model

Abstract

ABSTRACT Male infertility contributes to nearly 50% of infertility cases, and dexamethasone, a corticosteroid and endocrine disruptor, is known to impair male reproductive function. This study investigated the protective effects of fenugreek seed and stevia leaf extracts against dexamethasone‐induced testicular damage in male rats. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into five groups ( n = 8): normal control, dexamethasone control, Dex + fenugreek, Dex + stevia, and Dex + fenugreek + stevia. After 2 months of treatment, blood and tissue samples were collected for assessment of sperm characteristics, reproductive hormones, antioxidant markers, and histopathology. HPLC analysis identified catechin in fenugreek and rosmarinic acid in stevia as the major polyphenolic constituents. Co‐treatment with fenugreek and/or stevia significantly improved sperm count, motility, and seminal fructose compared with the dexamethasone control ( p < 0.05). Both extracts reduced testicular lipid peroxidation (MDA), enhanced GPx and SOD activities, and lowered nitric oxide levels. Hormonal analysis showed decreased LH and FSH concentrations alongside a marked increase in testosterone. Histopathological examination supported these biochemical findings, revealing improved testicular architecture in treated groups. Overall, fenugreek and stevia demonstrated promising protective effects against dexamethasone‐induced reproductive toxicity. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate these preclinical results and their potential translational relevance.