review · Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal
Space exploration relies on a diverse range of propulsion technologies, encompassing solid, liquid, and hybrid propellants for powering aircraft and space vehicles. Evaluating these propulsion methods involves comparing theoretical and experimental specific impulses to understand their performance capabilities. Historically, ammonium perchlorate has served as a propellant for rocket launches, while hydrazine has been employed for satellite manoeuvring. However, both substances present severe handling challenges due to their high toxicity and difficult storage requirements. These environmental and operational hazards have prompted sustained research into eco-friendly alternatives, known as green propellants. Such sustainable propellant systems are intended for use in future space vehicle launches as well as in the reaction control systems of operational satellites, aiming to resolve the risks of conventional chemicals.
Space vehicles and satellites depend on chemical propellants for propulsion and orbital adjustments, but standard compounds such as hydrazine pose extreme toxicity and storage hazards. Understanding propulsion performance and advancing eco-friendly green propellants is essential for reducing operational dangers, lowering contamination risks, and improving the safety of space exploration and satellite management.
The development of green propellants targets applications in space launch vehicles and satellite reaction control systems, relevant to aerospace contractors and satellite operators. While traditional propellants are commercialised, green alternatives represent an active area of investigation and development aimed at overcoming storage and toxicity constraints. The abstract indicates an applied research and development stage across the sector rather than a newly deployed commercial product.
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A wide range of propellants, and propulsion systems in space exploration by aircrafts or space vehicles was studied, developed, investigated, and commercialized. Liquid, solid, or hybrid propellants have been used for rocket’s launches. In this review, a consistent definition of space propulsion systems, including solid, liquid and hybrid has been given with up-to-date state of developments. A comparison of their performances was made by theoretical and experimental specific impulses. On the other hand, ammonium perchlorate and hydrazine were used as propellants for rocket’s launches and for satellite’s maneuverings; respectively. However, their high toxicity and their storage problem pushed researchers and scientists to investigate and develop other eco-friendly, propellant systems, so called “green propellants”, for launch or reaction control systems of satellites.
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DOI: 10.18321/ectj1491
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