article · Green Technologies and Sustainability
Transitioning to sustainable energy relies heavily on integrating hydrogen into broader energy strategies. Biomass provides a viable pathway for hydrogen generation across multiple conversion methods, including thermochemical, biological, electrochemical, and hybrid systems. Evaluating these approaches involves analysing critical operational metrics such as feedstock suitability, power consumption in kilowatt-hours, and production costs per kilogram of hydrogen. Process efficiency can be advanced through targeted catalyst development alongside the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Nevertheless, scaling these systems presents clear challenges, particularly regarding food supply security, techno-economic bottlenecks, energy consumption, and environmental impacts. Real-world case studies illustrate current conversion methods, highlighting practical applications as well as distinct operational limitations across transportation and business processes.
Moving away from fossil fuels requires clean alternatives such as hydrogen to be integrated into modern energy systems. Producing hydrogen from biomass offers a renewable pathway to meet this demand. Understanding the comparative costs, power requirements, and operational barriers helps ensure that future energy projects are both economically viable and protective of food supplies and the environment.
The technology addresses applications in transport fleets, industrial business processes, and energy utilities seeking alternatives to fossil fuels. Because the underlying conversion systems range from experimental setups to demonstrated case studies, commercial maturity varies widely. Practical adoption depends on lowering production costs per kilogram, optimising catalysts, and managing techno-economic constraints, indicating that widespread commercialisation requires further technical refinement and clear policy support.
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The acceleration of the energy transition away from traditional energy systems depends on the inclusion of H2 in energy plans. Using biomass to produce hydrogen energy holds significant promise in the field of renewable energy. This article explores the history of biomass as a sustainable energy source and highlights the important role of hydrogen energy. Various biomass hydrogen conversion technologies, including thermochemical, biological, electrochemical, and hybrid processes, are discussed and compared to other renewable energy sources. Given hydrogen energy inclusion into the energy mix, comparisons are made between methods of biomass-to-hydrogen conversion in terms of cost per kg of H2, power consumption in kWh as well as feedstocks utilized for hydrogen production, and their strengths and weaknesses. Case study applications of these conversion methodologies are highlighted and their strengths as well as limitations are addressed in the course of discussion. This article provides an in-depth look at the prospects and challenges of biomass hydrogen production, providing a review of the research literature, insights into efficiency improvements, level of advancement technology, and catalyst development. The role of catalysts, machine learning, and artificial intelligence along with other factors for improving hydrogen production were discussed. Challenges such as food supply, techno-economic constraints, environmental impact, and energy consumption have all been examined. The article concludes by highlighting current applications, prospects, and the overall importance of biomass hydrogen in transportation, business processes, and policy changes.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.grets.2024.100100
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